给一块新硬盘举行的欢迎仪式
安装好然后虔诚地按下电源开关。
一、定位路径
# 根据容量定位 /dev/sda
sudo fdisk -l二、进入检测仪式
1.查看硬盘基本信息、检查是否支持SMART测试
sudo smartctl -i /dev/sda
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Western Digital Red
Device Model: WDC WD40EFRX-68NxxNx
Serial Number: WD-WCC7K4FXPxxR
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 211f4dd29
Firmware Version: 80.00A80
User Capacity: 4,000,787,030,016 bytes [4.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Form Factor: 3.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 5
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Thu Jan 14 22:45:01 2021 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled看最后两项满足要求就可以进行各种SMART测试咧。
2.查看硬盘的详细信息
sudo smartctl -A /dev/sda
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 100 253 021 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 1
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 1
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 125 125 000 Old_age Always - 25
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0- 01（001） Raw_Read_Error_Rate 底层数据读取错误率
- 04（004） Start_Stop_Count 启动/停止计数
- 05（005） Reallocated_Sector_Ct 重映射扇区数
- 09（009） Power_On_Hours 通电时间累计，出厂后通电的总时间，一般磁盘寿命三万小时
- 0A（010） Spin_Retry_Count 主轴起旋重试次数（即硬盘主轴电机启动重试次数）
- 0B（011） Calibration_Retry_Count 磁盘校准重试次数
- 0C（012） Power_Cycle_Count 磁盘通电次数
- C2（194） Temperature_Celsius 温度
- C7（199） UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 奇偶校验错误率
- C8（200） Write_Error_Rate: 写错误率
- F1（241） Total_LBAs_Written：表示磁盘自出厂总共写入的的数据，单位是LBAS=512Byte
- F2（242） Total_LBAs_Read：表示磁盘自出厂总共读取的数据，单位是LBAS=512Byte
3.来一次硬盘长检
sudo smartctl -t long /dev/sda
# 等了462分钟后4.查看检测结果
sudo smartctl --all /dev/sda 显示全部检测信息sudo smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda 显示硬盘检测日志sudo smartctl -l error /dev/sda 显示硬盘错误汇总
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Western Digital Red
Device Model: WDC WD40EFRX-68NxxNx
Serial Number: WD-WCC7K4FXPxxR
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 211f4dd29
Firmware Version: 80.00A80
User Capacity: 4,000,787,030,016 bytes [4.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm # 不是买不起7200，要的是低功耗好不好
Form Factor: 3.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 5
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Fri Jan 15 20:54:11 2021 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x80) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: (43440) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 462) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 5) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x3035) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 100 253 021 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 1
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 5
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 130 122 000 Old_age Always - 20
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay- 木有错误报告
- 197 Current_Pending_Sector的RAW_VALUE为0说明没有坏道
三、检测汇总以及检测理由
1.需留意的硬盘信息
- 品牌：Model Family
- 容量：User Capacity
- 通电时间：9 Power_On_Hours
- 通电次数：4 Start_Stop_Count
- 是否存在坏道：197 Current_Pending_Sector
2.检测建议及理由
- 可以2个月搞一次长检
sudo smartctl -t long /dev/sda，没必要太频繁。 - 查看通电时间、次数判断是否是新硬盘
- 检测出硬盘坏道多时，必须进行数据转移及备份
- 坏道修复
badblocks /dev/sda
四、格式化
不考虑分区（GParted），不考虑window兼容（NTFS），直接ext4格式化，买来就是给linux用的，爽。sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda
五、挂载
sudo mkdir /run/media/shafish/wd4tsudo mount /dev/sda /run/media/shafish/wd4t
更改权限
sudo chown -R shafish:shafish /run/media/shafish/wd4t
或者如果存在plugdev组，则直接把当前用户添加到该组即可。（用的是manjaro i3wm发现没有这个组，就算了，怎么方便怎么来）
此时直接在/run/media/shafish/wd4t目录下进行读写操作即可。
六、开机自动挂载
硬盘长时间连接在电脑上，不需要移动的情况下，设置开机自动挂载。ls -al /dev/disk/by-uuid 复制指向sda的uuidsudo nano /etc/fstab 编辑挂载文件，添加下面内容后，保存，重启，ok！！UUID=UUID /run/media/shafish/wd4t ext4 defaults 0 0
七、硬盘读写速度测试
1.软件读取速度测试
sudo hdparm -tT /dev/sda
# 跟官方标明的平均 111.3MB/sec 有很大出入，待实操测试
# 正常读取速度
Timing buffered disk reads: 116 MB in 3.01 seconds = 38.52 MB/sec
# 缓存读取速度
Timing cached reads: 17418 MB in 1.99 seconds = 8755.33 MB/sec2.软件写入速度测试
sudo dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/tempfile bs=1M count=1024
$ sudo dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/tempfile bs=1M count=1024 [9:56:30]
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB, 1.0 GiB) copied, 26.6579 s, 40.3 MB/s3.实际写入测试
固态to新硬盘
# 第一次
$ sudo rsync -av --progress /run/media/shafish/Windows/Users/shafish/Videos/马赛克.mp4 /run/media/shafish/wd4t/ [9:50:59]
sending incremental file list
马赛克.mp4
7,749,298,820 100% 53.58MB/s 0:02:17 (xfr#1, to-chk=0/1)
sent 7,751,190,846 bytes received 35 bytes 55,965,277.12 bytes/sec
total size is 7,749,298,820 speedup is 1.00# 同一文件第二次
$ sudo rsync -av --progress /run/media/shafish/Windows/Users/shafish/Videos/马赛克.mp4 /run/media/shafish/wd4t/ [9:54:08]
sending incremental file list
马赛克.mp4
7,749,298,820 100% 54.33MB/s 0:02:16 (xfr#1, to-chk=0/1)
sent 7,751,190,846 bytes received 35 bytes 56,785,281.18 bytes/sec
total size is 7,749,298,820 speedup is 1.004.测试结论
这是一块纯纯的5400转速机械硬盘，实际对一个7G+文件进行写入时，前35%进度因使用到缓存，其传输速度能达到甚至超过官方标明的平均读写速度111MB/sec，后65%基本稳定在了38MB/sec，跟软件测试读写速度一致。
最后给这块硬盘定位：确实跟官方标明信息一致-入门级nas低功耗存储硬盘。(带资本家刀法真准)
ps：机械硬盘竖放，平放都阔已（不要斜放就行，否则容易损坏）